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These notions of individual liberty came into conflict with the colonies status as part of the British Empire. The American Revolution originated
in Massachusetts with the first resistance against British colonial rules. It was in Massachusetts that the colonists raised the hue and cry against taxation
without representation, as exemplified by the Boston Tea Party; the activism of the Massachusetts colonists inspired others and culminated in the
"shot heard round the world" at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775.
Massachusetts was in the vanguard when the new country began transforming itself from an agrarian to an industrial economy. The state's merchants, such as Francis Cabot Lowell, whose fortunes depended on trade, sought safer investments after severe losses during the War of 1812. Textile, boot, and machinery manufacturing began in Massachusetts (and Rhode Island) and set the groundwork for the eventual industrialization and urbanization of the northeastern states. Farmers and their sons and daughters trekked to the new cities; by the mid-1870s, Massachusetts had become the first state in the Union in which more people lived in towns and cities than in rural areas.
Throughout the 19th century, Massachusetts was a leading manufacturing center. Southern competition in the first half of the 20th century led to a massive
economic decline, resulting in the closing of factories throughout the state. But World War II and the Cold War created new high-technology industries that depended on
federal largesse in the form of defense spending. Meanwhile, service activities such as finance, education, and health care expanded, helping to create a new economy
with Boston as its center. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first state to legalize same-sex marriage; the law pointed out that excluding certain citizens from a
valued institution was incompatible with the principles of individual autonomy and legal equality. Massachusetts' long struggle to maintain individual liberty
while paying attention to communal needs resulted in the coalition of democratic principles and capitalist drives that are the hallmark of the United States.
The Massachusetts coastline is about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) in length, yet the cross-country distances are only 190 miles (310 km) from east to west and 110 miles (180 km) from north to south. The coas - whose configuration marked by numerous embayments gave rise to Massachusetts' nickname, the Bay State - winds from Rhode Island around Cape Cod, in and out of scenic harbours along the shore south of Boston, through Boston Harbor and up the North Shore, swinging around the painters' paradise of Cape Ann to New Hampshire.